Computer Tutorial (Part 4) Computer Notes Basic Overview For Computer Students (History & Generation of Computer)

Computer Tutorial (Part 4) Computer Notes Basic Overview For Computer Students (History & Generation of Computer)

Simple Explanation Edu:

1. What is Abacus? Write its features.
Answer:- Abacus was the first counting device developed by Chinese and Egyptians before 2500 years ago. Features of Abacus are as follows.

2. What are the early made mechanical devices? List out any five early made devices.
Answer:-Abacus Slide Rule, Pascaline, Napier's Bones, Mark-1 are early made devices.

3. What is side Rule? When was it invented?
Answer:- The slide rule is an analog device for performing mathematical computation. it was invented in 1620.

4. Who is the father of computer? What he has developed?
Answer:- Charles Babbage is the father of computer. He has developed mechanical computer.

5. Define Pascaline.
Answer:- Pascaline is a calculating machine developed by Blaise pascal in 1642. The Pascaline was capable of adding, subtracting and carrying 10's, 100's and 1000's.

6. Write some characteristics of Babbage engine.
Answer:- Some characteristics of Babbage engine are as follows:
Data, Program and instructions are fed by suitable input device.
Storage devices are used to store data.
A suitable output device is used to give output to user.
7. List any three electronic computers?
Answer:- Three electronic computers are as follows:
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator)
EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer)
UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer)
8. Write down the features of Mark-1.
Answer:- Features of Mark-1 are as follows:
It was 51ft long, 8ft height and 3ft wide.
18,000 vacuum tubes were used.
It consists of 7 lakh 50 thousands parts.
Cable connection were nearly 500 miles long.
9. Write down the features of ENIAC.
Answer:- Features of ENIAC are as follows:
It was built from 18,000 vacuum tubes and 70,000 resistors.
It power consuming capacity was 50,00,000 kilowatt.
It was set up on 1,800 square feet of floor space.
It was a very fast machine compare to the earlier electro mechanical machines.
10. What is computer generation?
Answer:- The period, during which the evolution of computer took place, can be divided into five distinct phases known as Generation of computers.

11. List out the difference generation of computer.
Answer:- Generation of computer are as follows:
First generation computer
Second generation computer
Third generation computer 1966
Fourth generation computer
Fifth generation computer 1990
12. Write down the features of first and second generation computers.
Answer:- The features of first and second generation computers are as follows:

First Generation Computer

They were very large in size
They were very slow
They used vacuum tubes as memory device.
They consumed a lot of electrical power.

Second Generation Computer

They were smaller than the first generation of computer.
They were faster than first generation of computers.
They consumed less electrical power than the first generation.
The operating speed was in terms of microseconds.

13. List some example of first and second generation of computers.
Answer:- Some examples of first generation are ENIAC, UNIVAC etc. examples of second generation are IBM 1620, IBM 1401, CDC 3600 etc.

14. Write some features of fourth generation of computer.
Answer:- Features of fourth generation of computer are as follows:
The size of fourth generation computer were reduced to desktop and laptop computer.
The operating speed increased beyond picoseconds and MIPS (Million of instruction per second).
Use of large scale integration is the main characteristic of this generation.

15. What are fifth generation computers? Write down the features of fifth generation computer.

Answer:- Features of fifth generation of computer are as follows:

The speed is extremely high in fifth generation computer.
The concept of artificial intelligence has been introduced to allow the computer to take its own decision. It is still in a development stage.
Bio chips and Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) are used as memory devices.
Large uses of natural language processing and user friendly.

16. List some features of third generation computer.

Answer:- Features of third generation of computer are as follows:

They were small, efficient and reliable.
Integrated circuits were the main features of third generation of computer.
The operating speed was in terms of Nano seconds.
Input and output devices such as keyboard and monitors.

17. Give some example of third and fourth generation computer.

Answer:- Some examples of third generation are IBM-360, ICL-1900, IBM-370 , etc. examples of fourth generation are 8086, 8088, 80286 Six, Pentium I, II, III, IV, etc.

SHORT NOTES

1. Pascaline: Pascaline is a calculating machine developed by Blaise Pascal in 1642. The Pascaline was capable of adding subtracting and carrying 10's, 100's and 1000's.

2. Mark-I: A Harvard engineer Harvard Aiken working with other engineers of IBM constructed a large automatic digital computer based on IBM electromechanical parts in 1937. This machine is called Mark-I.

3. UNIVAC: UNIVAC was the first and most powerful computer for commercial purpose

4. EDSAC: EDSAC was designed by Maurice Wilkes at Cambridge University, mathematical laboratory in 1947.

5. Integrated Circuit: Third generation computer used IC, A single IC has many transistors, registers and capacitors built on a single thin slice of silicon.

6. Vacuum Tube: First generation computer used Vacuum Tubes, these computer were large in size.

(Types of computer)

1. What are special purpose and general purpose computers?
Answer:- Special purpose computers are applicable on particular application area and have limited area for application, general purpose computer are the standard computers used for general purpose like word processing, spreadsheet, internet access, etc.

2. What are digital computers? Explain with example.
Answer:- Digital computer is one of the directly counts numbers or digits that present numbers, letters or other special symbol.

3. What is hybrid computer?
Answer:- The good quality of analog and digital computers are combined on these computers made the Hybrid computer.

4. What was the first personal computer and when was it introduced?
Answer:- The first personal computer was designed in 1976, in august 1981 IBM announced the IBM 5150 PC.

5. Why are computer popular?
Answer:- Micro computer are popular because it is small in size, low price and low maintenance cost and easy to operate.

6. Why are micro computer called Home PC?
Answer:- Micro computer is called Home PC because it is a single user computer.

7. List out some examples of micro computers.
Answer:- Example of micro computer are IBM PCs, Apple Mac, IBM PS/2 etc.

SHORT NOTES

1. Analog Computer: Analog computer is one that measures physical values such as temperature or pressure that fall along a continuous scale in temperature or pressure.

2. Special Purpose Computer: Special purpose computers are applicable on particular application area and have limited area for application.

3. Micro computer: Micro computer is called Home PC because it is a single user computer. Example of micro computer are IBM PCs, Apple Mac, IBM PS/2 etc.

4. Hybrid Computer: The good quality of analog and digital computers are combined on these computers made the Hybrid computer.

(Computer Software Concept)

1. What is program?
Answer:- The collection of commands in a systematic order to tell the system in a do and how to do using computer system is known as program.

2. List the type of software.
Answer:- System software and application software.

3. Define the system software.
Answer:- Software that helps to activate the computer system and provide operating environment for other application software is called system software.

4. What is package software? Write any three example.
Answer:- Package software is ready made, advance and standard software for general purpose. Word processing, Database management, graphic and representation are some example of package software.

5. What is tailored software? Write with example.

Answer:- Tailored software is small software developed in high level language for specific small applications. Software for payroll for organization, software for specific bank, software for hotel reservation are some example of tailored software.

6. Write the function of utility software with examples.
Answer:- Utility software manages the hardware system and tries to maximise the utility of device. Antivirus is a utility software which protects computer from viruses.

SHORT NOTES

1. Device Drive: Device drive is a program that controls a particular types of device that is attached to computer.

2. Operating system: Operating system: System software that helps to activate the computer system and provide common platform between the user and hardware.

3. Utility Software: Utility software manages the hardware system and tries to maximize the utility of device.

4. Package Software: Package software is ready made, advance and standard software for general purposes.

(Microsoft Office Word)

1. Define application software. For what application programs are designed?
Answer:- Application software is a set of computer programs. Application programs are designed to permit the user to perform a task or activity.

2. Write down the features of MS-Word.
Answer:- Features of MS-Word are: text wrap, spell check, text searching bullets, etc.

3. What is text box?
Answer:- A text box is an object that lets you put and type text anywhere your file.

4. What is the use of Word Art?
Answer:- WordArt can be used to add special text effect to your documents.

5. Define SmartArt graphics with types.
Answer:- SmartArt graphic is a visual representation of your information that you can quickly and easily create, choosing from among many different layout. Process, Hierarchy, cycle are some types of SmartArt.

6. Define the term "cropping".
Answer:- Cropping means reduces the size of a picture by removing vertical or horizontal edges.

7. How to Insert a table in document? Write with steps.
Answer:- Steps to insert table are as follows:
Click on required place to insert a table.
On in the insert Tab, in the tables group, click table.
A drop down box will appear; click and hold your mouse then drag to select the number of rows and columns that you want to insert into your document.

8. Define Print Preview.
Answer:- Print Preview shows the actual form of document after print.

STEPS TO DO

1. To Insert Shapes: The steps to insert shapes are as follows:

Click on the insert Tab, in the illustrations group, click shapes.
Click the shape that you want.
Click anywhere in the document and then drag to place the shape.

2. To Insert Text on Shapes: The steps to insert text on shapes are as follows:

Create a shape that you want.
Right click over the shape.
Select Add Text option.

3. To Delete Shapes: The steps to delete shapes are as follows:

Select the shape which you want to delete.
Select delete (Del) from the keyboard.

4. To Insert Word-Art: The steps to insert word-art are as follows:

On the insert Tab, in the text group, click WordArt.
Click the WordArt style.
Type the required text to see the word art.

5. To Insert Picture From File: The steps to insert picture from file are as follows:

On the insert Tab, in the illustrations group, click picture.
Locate the picture.
Double-click the picture.

6. To Create Columns: The steps to create column are as follows:

Go to the page layout Tab, in the page setup group, click columns.
Click the layout.

7. To insert Table: Click on required place to insert a table.

On the insert Tab, in the Tables group, click table.
A drop down box will appear; click and hold your mouse then drag to select the number of rows and column that you want to insert into your document.

8. To Print the Document: The steps to print the document are as follows:

Click the file tab.
Click the print command.
Window will show current printer sitting
Click on print button.

(Microsoft Office Excel)

1. What is Microsoft Excel? Write its features.
Answer:- Microsoft Excel is a full features spreadsheet program. It's features are as follows:

It helps to work with simple and complex calculation.
It helps to work with Pivot Tables.
It helps to work with various excel charts.
It helps to sort and filter the data.

2. Name the components of Excel Windows.
Answer:- Components of excel windows are quick access Toolbar, File Tab, Ribbon, Formula Bar, Name box, Active Cell, Row Numbers, etc.

3. Name the various options available on spell check dialogue box.
Answer:- Ignore once, add to dictionary, change, change all, auto correct are the various options available on spell check dialogue box.

4. What are the difference between zoom in and zoom out?
Answer:- Zoom in can have maximum of 400% zoom in. Zoom out can have maximum of 10% zoom in.

5. Define the cell.
Answer:- MS Excel cell can hold different types of data like Numbers, Currency, Dates, etc.

6. What is meant by merging cell?
Answer:- Combining a group of cell into a single cell that occupies the same space is known as merging cell.

7. What is function? Name some function used by excel.
Answer:- A function is a predefined formula that performs calculations using specific values in a particular order. Some of the functions are Sim, average, count, max, min, etc.

8. What are the parts of function? Explain.
Answer:- A function must be written in a specific way, which is called the syntax. The basic syntax for a function name (SUM) and one or more arguments Equal sign function name, argument are parts of a function =AVERAGE (B1:B9), =Sum(B1:B9, C1:C9, D2) are some examples of function.

9. Explain about Arguments.
Answer:- Arguments can refers to both individual call and cell ranges and must be enclosed within parenthesis. For example =Sum (B1:B9,D2) in this function B1:B9 is cell range and D2 is a single cell.

STEPS TO DO

1. To Insert Symbols in Worksheet: The steps in insert symbols in worksheet are as follows:

Click on insert and select symbols.
Choose symbol to view available symbols.
Select the symbol you want to add and click insert.

2. To Add the text box in excel sheet: The steps to add the text box in excel sheet are as follows:

Choose insert and select text box.
Choose text box or draw it.

3. To change the font foreground color: The steps to change font foreground color are as follows:

Click on home tab from font group.
Select required foreground color from the option.

4. To merge the text: The steps to merge the text are as follows:

Choose Merge cells on in the ribbon.
Select the cells that you want to merge.

5. To work with the text: The steps to work with text wrap are as follows:
Choose Alignment tab of the format cell dialogue box to wrap text.

(Microsoft Office Power Point)

1. What is Power Point Program?
Answer:- PowerPoint is a presentation program developed by Microsoft Company.

2. List any four features of power point program.
Answer:- Features of power point program are as follows:

It allows user to create virtual slide show presentation displaying text, images, shapes and videos.
It helps user to add animation effects.
It helps to insert sound clip to play audio during presentations.
It allows to edit, add and delete slides as needed.
It can be used for hand-outs and projector transparencies.

3. List some parts of power point windows.
Answer:- Quick access Toolbar (QAT), File tab, Ribbon tabs Slide pane, Slide/Outline pane are some parts of Microsoft PowerPoint windows.

4. What is transitions? Name them.
Answer:- A transition can be as a simple as fading to the next slide or as complex as a flashy, Eye-catching effect. Sublet, Exciting, Dynamic content are three categories that can be found in the transitions Tab.

5.What are the ways of preview the transition?
Answer:- To preview a transition methods are as follows:

Click the preview command on the transition tab.
Click the start play Animation icon.

6. What is animation> Why it is important in PowerPoint?
Answer:- Moving of image is known as an Animation.

(ICT, Cyber Law & Computer Ethics)

1. What is Cyber Law?
Answer:-All the legal and regulatory aspects of internet and internet base network are called cyber law.

2. What is cyber crime?
Answer:- Cyber crime is a criminal activity involving the information technology infrastructure.

3. What is ethics? Write one the uses of computer ethics?
Answer:- Ethics is the morality of individuals, society and political society.

4. Explain some ethics issues in computer.
Answer:- Some ethics issues in computer are as follows:
Do not use pirated software.
Do not use computer for illegal works.
Never hack the computer system.
Do not access others resources with out getting permission.
Use the computer system to respect social norms values, harmony and culture.
5. Define computer virus and antivirus.
Answer:- Computer virus are small program which replicate, attach and many Damage the software system. Antivirus is used to remove and prevent the computer from viruses.

6. How can we protect computer from viruses?
Answer:- By using Antivirus in computer we can protect computer from viruses.

7. Name some popular antivirus program.
Answer:- McAfee, Norton, ESET NOD 32, Kaspersky, Acura, AVG are some popular antivirus program.

8. Define computer Antivirus.
Answer:- Antivirus is the system that scans detect and remove the viruses from the disk or email attachment.

SHORT NOTES

1. Cyber Law: Cyber law is a criminal activity involving the information technology infrastructure.

2. Ethics Issues: Ethics issues is the morality of individuals, society and political society.

3. Computer Virus: Computer viruses are small programs that are designed to replicate, attach, to other program and Damage the software system.

4. Computer Antivirus: Computer Antivirus is used to remove and prevent the computer from viruses.

(Computer Networking System)

1. What is computer networking?

Answer:- Connection of multiple computers to share the resources is called computer networking.

2. Write any five advantages of computer Networking.

Answer:- Advantages of computer networking are as follows:

It helps to share information.
It helps to share Hardware and Software.
It helps to share printer.
It can reduce price.

3. Write any three disadvantages of computer networking.

Answer:- Disadvantages of computer networking are as follows:

It is expensive to install.
Data security may lose.
It needs technical manpower to operate.

4. List the devices required to connect computer networking system.

Answer:- NIC (Network Interface Card), Communication media, Network connecting devices, Single conversion device, Communication software are required to connect computer networking system.

5. What is LAN? Write its features.

Answer:- The computer in a limited location locally like within a building or near by building is known as LAN.

6. What is MAN?

Answer:- The computer that spans on different location of metropolitan is known as MAN.

7. What is network topology? Define.

Answer:- The scheme of joining a number of computers in the form of a network. It is the standards configuration to connect the computer in a network structure.

8. What is WAN? Explain with example.

Answer:- Wide Area Network (WAN) connects the computers that span multiple geographic locations.

9. Explain the types of Networking Topology.

Answer:-

Star Topology: Each computer is directly connected to the central computer or hub.

Ring Topology: Each computer connected to two adjacent computer in the form of a closed ring.

Bus Topology: All nodes are connected to a common communication medium or central cable.

Mash Topology: Every mode has a dedicated point to point connected on to every other node.

(Social Impact of computer)

1. What are the social impacts computer?
Answer:- The social impacts of computers are as follows:
Positive Impact
Negative Impact
2. Write any four positive impacts of computer in the society.
Answer:- Four positive impacts computer in the society are as follows:
The work can be done in very less time.
Error free result.
Document can be kept secret.
Impartiality.
3. List the negative impacts of computer in the society.
Answer:- The negative impacts of computer in the society area s follows:
Highly Expensive
Data Privacy
Hug data and information can be lost sometimes.
Increased unemployment.
4. How does a computer impact on individual life?
Answer:- Computer has impacted both positively and negatively on individual life as the use of computer helps to complete the work faster and efficient helps to keep the documents secret, provided error free result, multi processing capabilities etc. where as impacts negatively in sense that it effects on the health and increases environmental problems, cyber crimes and dependency.

5. How does computer impact upon education?
Answer:- The education sector is arguably one major area that computers are playing remarkable role. Teachers are computers for making students report, for audio visual classes, for students daily records and students computer their assignments and presentation with the help of computer.

6. Explain the impacts of computer in the field of employment.
Answer:-In the field of employment, computer are used to keep financial records and transactions for making assignments and necessary documents for maintain to check the quality of products and for other business transactions.

7. How does computer impact on entertainment?
Answer:- Computer is playing very important role to entertainment the people. We can play game on computer on by using different game software. We can also listen music while we work on the computer.

8. How does computer affect on younger generation negatively?
Answer:- Many people especially children and teenagers have become addicted to mobile phones and computer. Children are continuously using computer and are at risk of learning about different types of drugs and are learning the new culture by looking unwanted things on internet.

9. Explain the role of computers in banks.
Answer:-In the banking sector, customers, business person and bank administrator get benefits from the usage of computer Bank administrator use computers to control the entire banking system including reconciliation, inter-branch transaction etc.

10. What type of frauds can happen through the computer?
Answer:- Cyber crime such as hacking pornography, password cracking etc. are the frauds that can happen through the computer.

11. Write the impacts of computer on business.
Answer:- Business use the computers to facilitate production planning and control system, to support chain management and to handle the business transactions. It is also used to check the quality and accuracy of products.

12. Write the role and use of computer in Health sector?
Answer:- In the health sector, computers are used in laboratories, Pharmacy, research, scanning, monitoring, etc. In hospital, computers are used in the different medical units such as ICU, ECG operation theater etc. Computers are helping the doctors to diagnose and are used for many other purposes.

13. What is data?
Answer:- Data is defined as facts or figures, or information that's stored in or used by a computer.

14. What is information?
Answer:- Collected fact, knowledge and data about any subject is called information.

(E-Government)

1. What is E- Government? Write any two advantages of E-Governance.
Answer:- E-Governance is the government that uses information and communication technology to provide and improve government services. Two advantages of E-Governances are as follows:
It facilities better delivery of government services to citizens.
It facilities the better communications between governments and businesses.
2. What are the objectives of E-Governments?
Answer:- The objectives of E-Government are as follows:
To develop the paperless working system
To improve the working system of bureaucracy.
To provide a better trade environment.
To provide online services to the customers.
3. What are the major transformation areas of E-Governance?
Answer:- The major transformation areas of E-Governance are as follows:
Internal Work Area.
External Work Area.
4.What type of services is G2C in E-Governance?
Answer:- G2C in E-Governance provides the efficient public services and effective interaction between the citizen and government.

5. Define Government to Business (G2B) system.
Answer:- G2B system is the system in E-Governance that deals with regulation and how to empower industry to work cooperatively with government, even creating joint activities such as public private partnership (PPPs).

6. What is Government is Government system?
Answer:- G2G system is a system in E-Government which deals with a range of issues, from how citizen cannot with the government to improve the process within the government, thereby reducing costs, increasing productivity and creating new services etc.

7. What the different types of E-Government services.
Answer:- The phases of E-Government services are as follows:
Information
Interaction
Transaction
Transformation
8. Write the different types of E-Government services.
Answer:- The different types of E-Government services are as follows:
Government-to-Citizen (G2C)
Government-to-Business (G2B)
Government-to-Employee (G2E)
Government - to - Government (G2G)
9. What are the disadvantages of E-Government?
Answer:- The disadvantages of E-Government are as follows:
It is expensive to move the government services into an electronic based system.
This system loses the person-to-person, interaction, which is valued by many people.

10. What are the five steps that make E-Government happen?
Answer:- The five steps that make E-Government happen are as follows:
Develop a vision.
Conduct an E-readiness assessment.
Identify realistic goals.
Get the bureaucracy to buy-in and develop a change management strategy.
Build public-private partnerships.

SHORT NOTES

1. Government -to- Employee: It is the online non-commercial interaction between government organization and the government employees.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN

1. Internal work area and external work area of E-Government.

Internal Work Area	External Work Area
It refers to the use of ICT to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of internal functions and processes of government by interrelating different departments and agencies.	Providing all the information and services to the citizen and organizations through the electronic media is known as the external work are of E-Government.
Computers are mostly used for result processing, preparing educational materials, preparing and sending e-mail, etc.	Through the websites we can download different forms and submit them online.

2. Local level service of G2G & international level service of G2G.

Local Level Service	International Level Service
G2G services are transactions central and local government and between department level and attached agencies and bureaus.	G2G services are transactions are between Government and can be used as an instrument of international relations and diplomacy.

(HTML Webpage Designing)

1. What is HTML? Write its importance in the internet.

Answer:- HTML is the standard markup language used to create web pages. Its importance in internet is for layout and format of text, pictures, graphics, sound and movie clips in the webpage by using HTML tags.

2. What is URL? Give some examples of URL.

Answer:- URL is the address of a webpage or website on the internet. Its example are www.facebook.com, www.google.com, etc.

3. What is webpage? How does it differ from web site?

Answer:- A webpage is a document that is connected to the World Wide Web. Webpage is only one webpage and website is the collection of webpage.

4. What is hyperlink? Write its importance.

Answer:- Hyperlink is a special link which allows connecting to the HTML document in many ways. Its importance is that it helps to connect one website to another website, objects like images, sound and video using hyperlink.

5. What is browser? Give example of any two browsers.

Answer:- A special type of software needed to access resources on internet is called browser. Example: Google Chrome, Safari, Internet Explorer, etc.

6. What are the HTML tags and attributes?

Answer:- HTML tags are the keywords or command used in HTML. Attributes is the additional information to describe the content of tags.

7. Write the general rules for writing HTML tags and attributes.

Answer:- The general rules of writing HTML tags and attributes are as follows:

Tags are surrounded by angle brackets like
The ending tag should have forward slash before the tag name. The end tag does not have any attributes.
The tags are not case sensitive.
Space is not allowed at beginning or at between the tag name.

8. What is container tag? List any four container tags.

Answer:- The HTML tags which have the corresponding end or closing tags are known as container tags. Four container tags are as follows:

<HTML>
<Head>
<Title>
<Body>

9. What is empty tag? List any four empty tags.

Answer:- The tags which have no end tags are called empty tag. Example: <IMG>, <BR>, <HR>, <H1>, etc.

10. What is the use of table tag in HTML document?

Answer:- The use of table tag is HTML document is to organize data in tabular form.

11. What is the use of MARQUEE tag?

Answer:- The use of MARQUEE tag is to inset a scrolling text in a HTML tag. It allows creating an eye catching and attractive movement of text or image in browser screen.

12. Define web site.

Answer:- Web site is the collection of web pages by addressing with unique location and name. It includes information about organization using multi web pages.

13. Define Internet.

Answer:- International network that link various networks throughout the world is called internet. It is also termed as the network of networks on global form.

14. What is protocol?

Answer:- The standard set of rules and regulations that controls and defines the network structure is called the protocol.

15. Write the skeleton of HTML structure.

Answer:

<HTML>

<HEAD>

<TITLE>----------</TITLE>

<HEAD>

<BODY>

------------------

</BODY>

</HTML>

16. List any five HTML tags to apply the text formatting.

Answer:- Five HTML tags to apply the text formatting are as follows:

<H1>Heading</H1>
<B>Bold<B/>
<l>Paragraph</P>
<U>Underline</U>

(Elements of QBASIC)

1. What is the QBASIC character set?

Answer:- The set of character that are allowed to use in QBASIC is known as the QBASIC character set.

2. What is a keyword? Give some examples of QBASIC KEYWORDS.

Answer:- Each programming language has some pre-defined words of commands which performs specific task in the program are called keywords. Example: CLS, PRINT, INPUT, etc.

3. What is a variable? What are the classifications of variable in QBASIC?

Answer:- A variable is a name of storage location in the computer's memory in which you can store values. The classifications of variable in QBASIC are as follows:

Numeric Variable.
String Variable.

4. What is a numeric variable? Write its types.

Answer:- A variable that stores numeric data is called numeric variable. It's types are as follows:

Integer Numeric Variable
Long-Integer Numeric Variable
Single-Precision Numeric Variable
Double-Precision Numeric Variable

5. What is a string variable? Give some examples.

Answer:- A variable that stores string data is called string variable. Example: AB$, XY$, Address$, Name$, etc.

6. Mention the rule for naming a variable.

Answer:- The rules for naming a variable are as follows:

The variable name shouldn't contain special character.
The variable name may be up to 40 character long.
Blank space is not allowed in between the variable name.
The keyword can't be used as a variable name.

7. What is a constant? Write its types.

Answer:- Constant is the value or entity used to perform and that is unchangeable value in the program. Its types are as follows:

Numeric
String
Symbolic

8. What is numeric constant? List the different types of numeric constant.

Answer:- Numeric constant are the positive or negative numbers and decimal points. Different types of numeric constant are as follows:

Integer
Long Integer
Single Precision
Double Precision

9. What is string constant? Give some examples.

Answer:- A string constant is a set of alpha numeric characters. Example: "Nepal", "Hello! How are you" etc.

10. What is symbolic constant? Which statement is used for this purpose?

Answer:- Symbolic constant is the fixed value in the variable assigned so that value doesn't change during execution of program. The constant statement is used for this purpose.

11. What are operators? List the types of operators used in QBASIC.

Answer:- Operators are the special symbols or words that are used to perform various operations on open and or constants or variables. The types of operators in QBASIC are as follows:

Arithmetic Operators
Logical Operators
Relational Operators
String Operators

12. What are logical operators? List them.

Answer:- The operators which are used to combine two or more relational expressions are called logical operators.

They are as follows:

AND
OR
NOT

13. What is meant by syntax of programming language?

Answer:- The rules of writing valid program statements are called the syntax of programming language.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN

1. Reserved word and User defined word.

Reserved Word	User-Defined Word
It is the predefined word or command which perform specific task in the program.	It is defined by the user according to their need in the program.
It can’t be used as the name of variable.	These are the variable and constant used in program.

2. String data and Numeric data.

String Data	Numeric Data
It consists of alphabetic as well as Numeric values.	It consists of all number 0 to 9 that can be calculated mathematically.
It may be letter, word, number, etc.	It can have decimal point also.

3. Implicit declaration and Explicit declaration of variable.

Implicit Declaration

Explicit Declaration

It specifies the data types that can store in that variable.

That variable is declared before it is used.

(QBASIC - Control Statement)

1. What is meant by control statements? List different types of control statements used in QBASIC.
Answer:- The statement that cal alter flow of a sequence of instructions in the program is called control statement. Types of control statements used in QBASIC are as follows:
Jumping statements
Selecting or Conditional Statement
Looping Statement
2. What is jumping? Which statement is used for unconditional jump?
Answer:- Jumping is the statement which is used to conditionally transfer the control from one point to another in the program.

3. What is selection statement? List any two commonly used selection statements in QBASIC.
Answer:- Selection statement is the statement that allows to test whether statements are true or false. Two commonly used selection statements in QBASIC are as follows:
IF........THEN
IF........THEN.........ELSE
4. What is meant by looping? List the commonly used looping statements in QBASIC.
Answer:- Looping is the statement that executes a statement or a block of statements several times in the program based on he condition. Commonly used looping statements in QBASIC are as follows:
FOR.........NEXT
WHILE..........WEND
DO LOOP
5. What is nested loop?
Answer:- The placing of one loop inside the body of another loop is called nested loop.

6. What are counters and accumulators? Write with examples.
Answer:- The variable used to count how many things that we have and many times somethings is repeated are called counters. The accumulators are variables used to total up a bunch of numbers. Example: Counter: CLS

7. How to restoring statement?
Answer:- The RESOTRE statement beings the pointer to the first value of the DATA statement regardless of the current position of the pointer.

8. How to write LET statement? Write its syntax.
Answer:- LET statement is used to assign a value to a variable.
Example: LET (variable name) = (Constants or Variables or Expression)
LET X="Apple"
LET A = 10

9. Define PRINT Statement?
Answer:- The PRINT statement of QBASIC provides limited methods to controlling and alignment and spacing of printout in terminals.

10. Which statement is unconditional looping statement?
Answer:- GOTO is unconditional looping statement.

11. What is TAB function? Write the syntax.
Answer:- TAB function enables the user to exercise exact control over the print positions.
Syntax: PRINT TAB (N); X

12. Which statement is called multi branching statement?
Answer:- IF ... THEN ... ELSELF ... ELSE statement is multi branching statement.

13. Define loop.
Answer:- Loop is defined as the repeated execution of the statement that performs the work until the condition will satisfy.

14. What is WHILE.......WEND loop.
Answer:- The WHILE ......WEND commands continue a loop until a specified expression is false.

(QBASIC- Library Function)

1. What is function? Write its types.
Answer:- Functions are pre-defined formula or programs that are take some data, manipulate then and return a value, which can be string or numeric.

2. Differentiate between library function and user defined function.
Answer:-

Library Function	User Defined Function
They are also known as build-in function.	They are also known as customized functions.
They are pre-defined by BASIC Interpreter.	They are defined by the use while programming.
Example: LEFT$, INT, etc.	Example: DEF FN, FUNCTION END FUNCTION.

3. Write any four advantages of using function in the program.
Answer:- Four advantages of using function in the program are as follows:

The function makes program writing easier.
It reduces the size of program.
It makes easy to find and correct mistakes.
Same function can be used many times.

4.What are mathematical functions? List any five mathematical functions used in QBASIC.
Answer:- Mathematical functions are used tp process the number data. Five mathematical functions used in QBASIC are as follows:

SQR Function
ABS Function
INT Function
CINT Function
SGN Function

5. What are string functions? List any five string functions used in QBASIC.
Answer:- String functions are used to process the string data. Five string functions used in QBASIC are as follows:

LEN Function
LEFT$ Function
RIGHT$ Function
MID$ Function
STRING$ Function

6. What is library function?
Answer:- Library function are also called as built in function which proved by the QBASIC System. These function allows the programmer to use them according to the requirement.

7. What are the types of library function?
Answer:- String library function and Mathematical functions are two types of library function.

8. Define User Define Function.
Answer:- It is written and stored by the programmer to do specific task FUNCTION EE. END FUNCTION statement can be used to define it.

9. What is string library function?
Answer:- String library function can be defined as set of alphanumeric characters. LEFT$, MID$, STR$, etc.

10. What is the use of LEFT$ Function? Explain with example.
Answer:- LEFT$ is used to extract the specific number of characters beginning from the left most character of the string.

11. What is the use of VAL function?
Answer:- VAL function is comment a string expression a consisting of digits in to a numeric value.

12. What SQR function does?
Answer:- SQR function refers the square root of any positive numbers.

(Array In QBASIC)

1. What is Array?
Answer:- An array is the collection of similar data items that can be represented by a single variable name.

2. What are the advantages of using array in the program?
Answer:- The advantages of using array in the program are as follows:
An array reduces the number of variable in a program because a single array can save large number of data.
Using arrays, we can access any data item efficiently just by specifying the index of that item.
Array are simple to understand and use.

3. What is single dimensional Array?
Answer:- The array having only one subscript is called one or single dimension array.

4. What is multi dimensional Array?
Answer:- The array having more than one subscript is called tow or multi dimension array.

5. Write the use of OPTION BASE statement.
Answer:- The OPTION BASE statement is used to defined the lower bound value of an array.

6. What do you mean by sorting array data?
Answer:- Sorting is the process of arranging the data items in a prescribed order.

7. What do you mean by searching array data?
Answer:- Searching in array means the process of determining whether some value exists or not in the array.

8. What is DIM statement?
Answer:- DIM statement is used to declare an array variable in the program.

9. Define sequential searching?
Answer:- Sequential search will move from one item in an array to the next in search of something.

10. What is binary searching of Array?
Answer:- Binary search will "split" an array in half during each "pass" or search, in order to determine which have contains the target.